Health services have a number of legal responsibilities determined by both Commonwealth and NT legislation. Most legislation covering the operations of health professionals and health services is under NT jurisdiction. Commonwealth jurisdiction covers more general issues, such as anti-discrimination, taxation, superannuation and employment.
Through these Acts health services are required to:
The Commonwealth Health Insurance Act 1973 provides for the operations of the Medical Benefits Scheme and the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme under which Medicare operates. It includes the conditions under which Medicare Australia (formerly Health Insurance Commission) will pay for services rendered by doctors (either directly or on their behalf) to patients according to the Medicare Benefits Schedule. A guide to the rules governing access to the MBS are detailed in the front sections of the Medicare Benefits Schedule, which all health services should receive from the Department of Health and Ageing (DoHA) and also available on line.
The NT Coroners Act 2008 and Coroners Regulations 2007 detail when the Coroner must be informed of a death. The Act defines a reportable death as one:
A medical practitioner who is present at or after the death of a person shall report the death as soon as possible to a coroner if:
Once a death is reported to the Coroner, the body of the deceased person is under the control of the Coroner, and cannot be disposed of until the Coroner has issued a certificate permitting its disposal.
Under the Act senior next of kin have the following rights:
It is important that the senior next of kin are aware of their rights in these matters.
Coroner’s Office
Darwin: Tel. 08 8999 7770
The NT Health And Community Services Complaints Act 2009 and Regulations 2005 establish and outline the powers of the Health and Community Services Complaints Commission. It has a process to be followed when complaints relating to health or community services are made. A number of Aboriginal community controlled health services are listed in the schedule; these are Anyinginyi Congress Aboriginal Corporation, Central Australian Aboriginal Congress Incorporated, Danila Dilba Biluru Butji Binnilutlum Medical Service Aboriginal Corporation, Miwatj Health Aboriginal Corporation and Wurli Wurlinjang Aboriginal Health Service. Nursing homes and private general practitioners also are subject to this Act.
Health Complaints Commissioner, Ombudsman’s Office
Darwin: Tel. 08 8999 1969
Alice Springs: Tel. 08 8951 5818
Toll Free: 1800 806 380
The NT Health Practitioners Act 2007 provides for the registration and licensing of AHWs, chiropractors, dentists, doctors, midwives, nurses, occupational therapists, optometrists, osteopaths, pharmacists, physiotherapists and psychologists, and defines the functions of the respective Registration Boards. The AHW Registration Board is the one most relevant to Aboriginal health services.
The NT Health Professions Licensing Authority is a branch of the Department of Health and Families and is responsible for providing the necessary support for the effective operation of eleven (11) health professional boards including the AHW Registration Board. It also provides complaints management services, board meeting support services, professional advice and support services and statutory accountability.
There are plans to introduce a National Registration and Accreditation Scheme (NRAS) process by 1 July 2010.
Health Professions Licensing Authority
Tel. 8999 4157
The NT Mental Health And Related Services Act 2009 provides for the care, treatment and protection of people with mental illness. It provides for a person with a real and immediate concern for the welfare of the client or the safety of others to request an assessment for treatment by a doctor, designated mental health practitioner or psychiatrist. A form must be completed to make the request and this may include the need for police escort.
Contact NTDHF Mental Health Services for forms and advice.
The NT Natural Death Act 1988 and the Natural Death Regulations 1989, NO. 14 provide for people over the age of 18 years to register their desire not to have their life prolonged by artificial means.
Legislation Officer, NTDHF Darwin
Darwin: Tel. 08 8999 2961
The NT Notifiable Diseases Act 1999 specifies which diseases must be notified to NT authorities. The Communicable Disease staff in NTDHF can provide details of what is required.Under Section 10 of the NT Notifiable Diseases Act, the diagnosing medical practitioner must inform parents or guardians if their children under the age of 16 years have a notifiable disease.
Centre Disease Control
Toll free: 1800 008 002
Darwin: Tel. 08 8922 8044
Alice Springs: Tel. 08 8951 7549
Katherine: Tel. 08 8973 9049
Tennant Creek: Tel. 08 8962 4259
Nhulunbuy: Tel. 08 8987 0354
The NT Poisons And Dangerous Drugs Act 2007 and the Poisons and Dangerous Drugs Regulations 2005 regulate the sale, supply, storage, possession and use of poisons and dangerous drugs. For health services, Schedule 8 drugs must be securely stored in a locked room in a safe or locked cupboard. When carried they must be kept in a locked bag. Keys must remain in the possession of the person in control of the substance. Health services must keep a register of drugs, where records of use of substance, including patient and practitioner details are kept.
The Schedule of substance under the Act are:
Section 29 (4A) allows nurses to store and supply any Schedule 2,3,4 or 8 substance while at work without the direction of a doctor as long as s/he is doing so according to the policies of the health service in which s/he is employed. Section 29 (4C) applies to AHWs storing and/or supplying Schedule 2,3 and 4 substances as above. However, staff not trained in the administration of these drugs should not do so.
NTDHF Poison Control Tel. 08 8922 7341
Poison Information Centre Australia-wide Tel. 13 11 26
The NT Public Health Act 2005 details the public health responsibilities of various government positions, and includes regulations on a range of areas impacting on public health including sanitations, medical and dental premises, hostels, eating houses, garbage disposal, and mosquito control. See also the Public Health (Cervical Cytology) Regulations 2007 and the Public Health (Medical and Dental Inspection of School Children) Regulations 2005.
Contact
NTDHF
Tel. 08 8999 2400
The Emergency Medical Operations Act 2004 outlines the requirements regarding the performance of emergency operations and blood transfusions.
NTDHF
Tel. 08 8999 2400
The NT Information Act 2009 and the NT Information Regulations came into operation on 1 July 2003. It combines Freedom of Information (FOI), privacy and records management legislation. The Department of Business and Employment is responsible for the Information Act (in so far as it relates to Records).
The Commonwealth Privacy Act 1988 gives effect to the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development Guidelines on the Protection of Privacy and Transborder Flows of Personal Data and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (Article 17). The guidelines cover the collection of personal information, its use, access to and alteration of the information.
The Act has three areas in which the guidelines are given specific effect in the form of legally binding standards.
The NT Adult Guardianship Act 2009 provides for guardianship for adults who have an intellectual disability, including dementia. Family and Children’s Services within the NTDHF can provide further information.
Adult Guardianship Executive Officer: Tel. 08 8999 2555
Alice Springs Public Guardian: Tel. 08 8951 6739
Darwin Public Guardian: Tel. 08 8922 7116
The NT Births, Deaths And Marriages Registration Act 2005 and the NT Births, Deaths and Marriages Registration Regulations 2004 provide for the registration of births, deaths and marriages.
The Registry of Births, Deaths and Marriages must be notified of a birth within 10 days after the birth.
In the case of a stillbirth, a Medical Certificate Cause of Perinatal Death stating the cause of foetal death must be provided to the Registry. This can be completed by the doctor attending the birth or by the doctor who examines the body of the stillborn child. A stillbirth is defined as a foetus more than 20-weeks-old or more than 400gms weight.
The Registry must be informed of a death of a person within 48 hours of the death via a Medical Certificate of Cause of Death. This may be completed by a doctor:
The doctor need not give a notice under this section if another doctor has given the required notice or a coroner has been notified of the death under the Coroners Act.
Medical Certificate Cause of Perinatal Death and Medical Certificate of Cause of Death forms are available from the Registry of Births Deaths and Marriages.
The NT Government has undertaken significant reforms to the child protection service system. New legislation for the protection of children - the Care and Protection of Children Act was passed by the Legislative Assembly in November 2007. It replaced the Community Welfare Act and Community Welfare Regulations and commenced in stages throughout 2008.It was amended in 2009
The Act provides for the protection and care of children, promotes the importance of family wellbeing and the need to support the capacity of families and the community to care for children, outlines mandatory reporting requirements for children at risk of harm or exploitation, provides for the care and placement of children in circumstances where they are not safe, provides support for young people (18-25yo) leaving such care, a mechanism to screen persons in child related employment, monitoring of child deaths, regulations for childrens services and the establishment of a Children's Commissioner. The NTDHF, the Minister for Children & Families, the Police Civil Employment Unit, the Minister for Education & Training and the Minister for Child Protection have responsibilities under the Act.
. The Act defines a child is in need of care where:
Harm to a child is any significant detrimental effect caused by any act, omission or circumstance on:
Harm can be caused by the following:
Exploitation of the child includes sexual and any other forms of exploitation of the child.
A person, including health professionals, is bound to report his/her belief that a child has been maltreated to Family and Children’s Services or the police under Section 26. Section 27 provides legal protection against civil or criminal liability for professionals who make notifications of child abuse in good faith and where this does not breach any requirements for confidentiality or professional ethics.
All clinical staff must be made aware of legal obligations for mandatory reporting as required by Section 30(1)c of the Act.
The Act specifies that when an Aboriginal child is in need of care, efforts must be made to provide that care within the child’s extended family. If this fails, care must be arranged with other Aboriginal people with the correct relationship according to Aboriginal customary law with that child. If this too fails, other care may be arranged only after consultation with the child’s parents, other persons with responsibilities for the child’s welfare and relevant Aboriginal welfare organisations. This covers appropriate Aboriginal carers, the geographic proximity to the child’s family and the facilitation of contact with the family.
A range of moral and cultural judgements are made by health service staff when confronted with maltreatment of children. Within the constraints of confidentiality it is advisable to consult with senior Aboriginal health workers and community leaders in determining how to make relevant interpretations about children at risk. Welfare workers within Family and Children’s Services may also provide advice.
Families and Children (FACS), NTDHF
(08) 8999 2400
NT Legal Aid Commision Freecall 1800 019 343
The NT Disability Services Act 2008 sets out the rights of people with disabilities and the principles service providers and researchers should follow to meet the needs of people with disabilities.
Free call 1800 139 656
The NT Domestic and Family Violence Act 2009 and the Domestic and Family Violence Regulations 2008 provide for the making of restraining orders in relation to domestic violence and the registration and enforcement of such orders. An application for a restraining order may be made by:
Police Domestic and Personal Violence Unit
Telephone Top End: 8999 0865; Central Australia: 8951 8859
The NT Medical Services Act 2006 relates to the functions of NTDHF.
Australia’s new national workplace system - Fair Work – was launched on 1 July 2009. This system was created by the Fair Work Act 2009 and covers the majority of workplaces in Australia. From 1 January 2010 a number of significant changes have taken place.
The national workplace relations system
There are now two main bodies in the national workplace relations system:
Fair Work Australia is an independent tribunal on national workplace relations. It has powers to carry out a range of functions relating to workplace disputes and industrial action, the minimum wages and employment conditions safety net, collective agreement lodgement (now referred to as enterprise agreements), enterprise bargaining and more. It had assumed most of the functions of the Australian Industrial Relations Commission (AIRC) and the Registry in July 2009 and took on the remaining functions on 1 January 2010.
The Fair Work Ombudsman provides national workplace relations advice and education to employees, employers and organisations. Fair Work Inspectors can help employers, employees and organisations comply with the new national workplace relations laws and, where necessary, take steps to enforce the laws through the court system. The Fair Work Ombudsman replaced the Workplace Ombudsman in July 2009.
These bodies have replaced the AIRC, the Australian Industrial Registry, the Australian Fair Pay Commission (AFPC) and the Australian Fair Pay Commission Secretariat. The Workplace Authority continues until 31 January 2010. It assesses collective agreements made before 1 July 2009 using the no-disadvantage test and individual transitional employment agreements (ITEAs) made until 31 December 2009.
Workplace Relations processes
Key elements of the new system are:
An employer who employs a person to whom an award applies must keep a copy of the provisions of that award and must make the copy available for that person to inspect on demand.
Employment records, containing information on the employee’s name, classification, award, pay received, all deductions, signed time sheets, leave taken, superannuation contributions, must be kept for seven years after the last entry in the record was made. See factsheet.
When an employer gives an employee his or her pay, the employer must also give the employee written details of date of payment, the period covered by payment, hours worked, all deductions, superannuation contributions, gross pay, amount actually paid and how the amount is made up. Payslips
If the employee is covered by an award or employment agreement that does not state how often the employee is to be paid an employer must pay the employee the amount the employee is entitled to at least once in every fortnight.
If the employee is not covered by an award or employment agreement then the employer must pay the employee once in every month.
Most awards contain provision for the payment of various allowances. The only way to be certain that you know what they are is to have a copy of the award.
Assistance
The Office of Fair Work Australia assists employers and employees in understanding the new arrangements.
Fair Work Phone:
1300 363 264
Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU) 1300 362 223
The NT Public Sector Employment And Management Act provides for the regulation of the NT Public Service, including human resource administration and management of other agencies established for government or public purposes. This is relevant for health services operating through NT Government agencies.
The NT Annual Leave Act 2008 covers permanent employees who are not covered by an award and allows for a minimum of 28 consecutive days annual leave after 12 months continuous service. Shift workers or people who work on Sundays or public holidays are entitled to a further seven days a year. Annual leave pay includes a 17.5% loading. Under Work Choices legislation this may not apply to future employees.
The NT Long Service Leave Act entitles employees continuously with same employer for 10 years to long service leave of 1.3 weeks per year of service. After each further five years of service, the employee is entitled to 1.3 weeks for that five-year-period.
Office of the Commissioner for Public Employment
Darwin: Tel. 08 8999 5511
Alice Springs: Tel. 08 8951 5785
The Commonwealth Human Rights And Equal Opportunity Commission Act 1986 established the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission. The Act provides for the Commission's administration which is responsible for administering the following federal laws (outlined below):
The Act also gives the Commission the responsibility for observing seven international instruments ratified by Australia. These are:
The Commission also has specific responsibilities under the:
The Act also empowers the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Justice Commissioner to report on and promote the human rights of Indigenous Australians.
Exemptions under the Act can apply where the occupation for which people are employed is for the welfare of the same sex or race. An application for an exemption under Section 21(5) should be made to the Registrar of the Equal Opportunity Board.
The Commonwealth Racial Discrimination Act 1975 makes discrimination on the basis of race illegal and gives effect to Australia’s obligations under the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination.
The Act’s objectives are to:
The Act covers discrimination in areas such as employment, renting or buying property, the provision of goods and services, accessing public places and in advertising.
The Commonwealth Equal Opportunity For Women In The Workplace Act 1999 has replaced the Affirmative Action (Equal Opportunity for Women) Act 1986.
The principal objects of this Act are:
The Act is administered by the Equal Opportunity for Women in the Workplace Agency (EOWA).
Equal Opportunity for Women in the Workplace Agency (EOWA)
Tel. 02 9448 8500
Toll Free: 1800 817 055
The Commonwealth Disability Discrimination Act 1992 aims to:
The Commonwealth Sex Discrimination Act 1984 gives effect to Australia’s obligations under the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women and certain aspects of the International Labour Organisation (ILO) Convention 156. Its major objectives are to:
Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission
Toll Free: 1300 369 711
NT Anti-Discrimination Commission
Toll Free: 1800 813 846
The NT Anti-Discrimination Act 2009 and the Anti-Discrimination Regulations promote the principle of the right to equality of opportunity of persons regardless of an attribute and to eliminate discrimination against persons on the ground of race, sex, sexuality, age, marital status, pregnancy, parenthood, breastfeeding, impairment, trade union or employer association, religious belief or activity, political opinion, affiliation or activity, irrelevant medical record or irrelevant criminal record in the area of work, accommodation or education or in the provision of goods, services and facilities, in the activities of clubs or in insurance and superannuation; and to eliminate sexual harassment.
A series of Acts from the Commonwealth provide for the rates of superannuation payable by employers (up to 9% of gross salary). They also specify the rules under which superannuation funds operate, and how funds can be accessed and managed. This includes the Superannuation Benefits (Supervisory Mechanisms) Act 1990.
Choice of Fund legislation came into effect 1 July 2005, and means certain employees can choose which fund their superannuation contributions are paid into.
The NT Pay-Roll Tax Act 2009
Health services are unlikely to have to pay this tax either because of their public benevolent institution status or the size of their pay roll. However, it is recommended that an application for exemption be made.
The NT Workplace Health and Safety Act promotes occupational health and safety in the NT to:
The Workplace Health and Safety Regulations 2008 spell out the right to work in safe conditions.
The Act also provides that employers must take out workers compensation insurance covering their employees and cover claims.
Workers Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 2009
The Workers Rehabilitation and Compensation Act and Workers Rehabilitation and Compensation Regulations commenced September 2009. They promote and outline responsibilites for:
Contact
Darwin: Tel. 1800 019 115
Katherine: Tel. 08 8973 8416
Alice Springs: Tel. 08 8951 8682
Contact the response group for all accident notifications, general enquiries and complaints. Freecall: 1800 019 115.
In order for organisations to receive government funding they must be incorporated under either NT or Commonwealth legislation. Health services are generally incorporated under either:
Some health services operate under community councils that may be incorporated under the above Acts or the Northern Territory Local Government Act, 1993.
Incorporation means that:
The requirements of the Commonwealth and NT Association Acts are summarised below. If more information is required about the Local Government Act see the website above.
The NT Associations Act, Association Regulations and Associations (Model Constitution) Regulations cover incorporation, constitutions, management, accounts and auditing, winding up and investigations into Associations. Incorporated associations performing local government functions must comply with the Local Government Act (see below).
NT Local Government Act
The NT Local Government Act 2009 provides for the constitution of municipalities and community government areas and for the election of self-governing authorities to control municipalities and community government areas. This is only relevant to those health services that operate under service agreements between community councils and funding bodies.
NT Department of Housing, Local Government and Regional Services
Tel: 08 89 8999 8401
Local Government Association of the NT
Tel:08 8936 2888
The Commonwealth Corporations (Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander) Act 2006 (CATSI Act) was passed by the Australian Parliament in October 2006, replacing the Aboriginal Councils and Associations Act 1976 (ACA Act). It began on 1 July 2007 to coincide with the start of the 2007–08 financial year.
Corporations already incorporated under the ACA Act will have up to 1 July 2009 to make the necessary changes to comply with the new law. This is called the 'transitional period'.
The Office of the Registrar of Indigenous Corporations (ORIC) - the Registrar is an independant statutory office holder who administers the CATSI Act.
ORIC has produced Factsheets regarding the new Act.
Each incorporated organisation has a Constitution or Rules that is a legal document determining how the organisation will operate. The Act under which the organisation is incorporated determines what must be in the Constitution. However, other things may also be included provided it does not contradict what is in the Act.
The Constitution is a most important document for the Health Service. Funding bodies generally insist that funded organisation comply with their Constitution.
Each newly elected Health Board should be orientated to their role including the health service constitution to ensure people are aware of their legal obligations, and how the health board operates.
Copies of the Acts are available from the Territory Government Publishing Service or Commonwealth Government bookshops, depending on jurisdiction and from the internet addresses (see beginning of this Section).
ORIC now refers to the constitution as the Rule Book following changes to the Act.
A model constitution for services incorporated under the NT Act.
CARHDS has worked on a plain english constitution.