Primary Health Care Resources

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Primary Health Care Services

Aboriginal Medical Service Alliance NT (AMSANT)

AMSANT is the peak body of Aboriginal community controlled health services in the NT. AMSANT provides a range of advice to its members from staffing issues, administrative matters and assistance with negotiations with funding bodies. AMSANT represents the interests of its membership in a wide range of forums, and lobbies governments for more appropriate policies and funding arrangements for addressing Aboriginal health disadvantage. It has two types of membership - full membership for Aboriginal community controlled health services and associate membership is for any group of Aboriginal people or Aboriginal organisation in the NT who either deliver health services to Aboriginal people or wish to establish an Aboriginal health service. AMSANT is a member of the , an international movement advocating a focus on health for people, rather than profits, through people's action.

AMSANT Membership

Full Members

 

Associate Members

These clinics operate with basic funding from OATSIH or NTDHCS through a Service Agreement with the Community Council or Resource Centres. Funding is usually limited to direct service costs, and generally does not include resources for the mechanisms of community control or administration.

Mixed and Service Agreement Health Services

These clinics operate with basic funding from OATSIH or NTDHCS through a Service Agreement with the Community Council or Resource Centres. Funding is usually limited to direct service costs, and generally does not include resources for the mechanisms of community control or administration.

NT Department of Health & Community Services (NTDHCS)

NTDHCS is the Northern Territory government health service. They have a range of services, located throughout the NT. Services include Hospitals, Aerial Medical Services (for evacuations in the Top End), Aged & Disability Services, Alcohol & Other Drugs, Family and Children's Services, Environmental Health and Disease Control. Other services and programs include dental, men's health, health promotion, allied health, patient travel, palliative care, poison information centre, renal dialysis, sexual assault referral centres, speech pathology, staff development, women's health, mental health, communicable disease centres, child health, and community based clinic services (usually staffed by nurses and AHWs, and with a visiting doctor (DMO) through the Rural Health section).

The Rural Health section has a staff development program that is offered to NTDHCS staff, but that can be accessed by all PHC staff.

 

NTDHCS Clinics

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Aboriginal Cultural Resources and Interpreter Services

Institute for Aboriginal Development (IAD)

IAD is an Aboriginal community controlled vocational education and training organisation that provides a number of services for central Australian individuals and organisations. In particular, education programs which range from literacy and numeracy to vocational and higher education level courses and language training for beginners at basic level and advanced courses available through the Language Centre. They have a publishing arm, IAD Press, which produces material on the Aboriginal people, language and culture of Central Australia. They also provide interpreters for central Australian Aboriginal languages.

Aboriginal Resource & Development Services Inc (ARDS)

ARDS is a community development/community education organisation run by the Uniting Aboriginal and Islander Christian Congress. It runs language courses for beginners at basic level and advanced courses, cultural awareness programs in East Arnhem and has published several information papers on various issues that effect Aboriginal people living in Arnhem Land. They may be able to assist with interpreter needs in East Arnhem.

Katherine Regional Aboriginal Language Centre - Diwurruwu-Jaru

The Language Centre may be able to assist with interpreter needs in the Katherine region.

Papulu Apparr-Kari Language Centre

The Language Centre may be able to assist with interpreter needs in the Barkly region.

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Professional Registration Boards

AHWs, nurses and doctors, as well as psychologists and a range of allied health professionals (see below) must be registered by the relevant Registration Board in order to practice their profession. Registration must be renewed annually. This can be done through the Health Professions Licensing Authority.

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Health Board Training

Health Board training, whilst widely recognised as important, is not well resourced.

The larger Aboriginal community controlled health services have had functional boards for many years and may be able to assist smaller and developing services in providing training to local health boards. (see above under AMSANT).

AMSANT

Office of the Registrar of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Corporations (ORATSIC)

Indigenous corporations registered under the Corporations (Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander) Act 2006 (CATSI Act) (previously the Aboriginal and Councils Association Act (ACA))can access client assistance, support, and information and training programs, offered by ORATSIC.

ORATSIC has a range of training programs for members of the governing committees/boards of Indigenous corporations about the ACA, the corporation's constitution and other aspects of effective governance.

Consumer and Business Affairs NT Department of Justice

Consumer and Business Affairs within the Department of Justice administers the NT Associations Act which regulates the activities of Incorporated Associations in the Northern Territory.The new Associations Act commenced on 5 May 2004.

Details of training courses being held in 2006.

Central Australian Remote Health Development Services (CARHDS)

CARHDS has provided governance training for health boards and has assisted ORAC with the development of the plain English constitution.

Little Fish

The financial responsibilities of health boards are particularly important and Little Fish have developed the Money Story which is a computerised system that provides user friendly information on the financial state of an organisation, and backs this up with training for the board and training on financial management.

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Staff Development/ Professional Organisations

AMSANT Training Network

The network first began in June 1997 as a means of maintaining contact between those services which had health eductors and people with an interest in AHW education/training issues. Founding members were Danila Dilba, Wurli, Miwatj and Congress. Issues such as the National AHW & Torres Strait Islander Health Worker Competencies were standing agenda items as was Registration in these early days.

At this time AMSANT was a member of the NT Community Service and Health ITAB and was its representative on the National Community Services and Health ITAB, representing the Private Employer Sector.

The AMSANT training network has been having four face to face meetings a year for the last seven years, alternating meeting locations between the larger services.

Central Australian Remote Health Development Services (CARHDS)

Established in 1997, CARHDS aims to provide and facilitate vocational education and training to heath professionals in the remote communities of Central Australia and the Barkly. There is a particular focus on on-site training, post- graduate education and training for Aboriginal Health Workers. CARHDS has offices in both Alice Springs and Tennant Creek.

Central Australian Rural Practitioners Association (CARPA)

CARPA is a multi disciplinary organisation of primary health care professionals working in Central Australia. It was formed in 1984 and provides an education and support network for health professionals. CARPA organises twice yearly weekend conferences in Alice Springs and publishes a newsletter associated with the conference.

NTDHCS Workforce Development Services

This services organises in-service/ staff development programs for staff, mainly through the AHWs and Nurses Pathways to Practice program. Whilst primarily organised for NTDHCS staff, staff of non-government are able to access this program if released from their health service.

Divisions of General Practice

The Divisions provide support for Continuing Professional Development (CPD) for doctors. The Top End Division of General Practice is now able to endorse nurse education and training.This enables nurses to access training and education which has the professional support of the Royal College of Nurses Australia.

Council of Remote Area Nurses of Australia Inc (CRANA)

CRANA is a professional body formed in 1983 to represent the interests of and support remote area nurses in Australia. CRANA holds an annual conference in different locations around Australia. CRANA runs post graduate program development including a Remote Area Emergency Course (REC)for nurses.

Services for Australian Rural and Remote Health Allied Health (SARRAH)

SARRAH is nationally recognised as a peak body representing rural and remote allied health professionals. SARRAH is a 'grassroots' organisation whose membership consists of individual allied health professionals across rural and remote Australia.

Northern Territory General Practice Education Limited (NTGPE)

NTGPE provides of general practice education and training in the NT. NTGPE’s principle roles are to provide undergraduate and vocational postgraduate training, and continuing medical education for independent general practitioners and primary health care workers.

Australian College of Rural and Remote Medicine (ACRRM)

ACRRM provides providing training in rural and remote medicine. Their vocational training programs in have been developed by rural doctors primarily for rural doctors. They have developed Rural and Remote Medical Education Online (RRMEO) which is on line electronic tools that assists doctors, ACRRM and associated medical education providers, in the management of information, administration and professional education requirements.

Australian Indigenous Doctors' Association (AIDA)

The Australian Indigenous Doctors' Association (AIDA) is a professional organisation for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander medical students and graduates from across the country. AIDA was formed as a collegiate support network for graduates and undergraduates and to encourage more Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people into the medical field and to promote the prevention of chronic disease and illness.

Congress of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Nurses (CATSIN)

CATSIN was founded to formally represent Indigenous nurses, with a commitment to the implementation of the recommendations in relation to undergraduate, post graduate and ongoing education for indigenous and non-indigenous nurses. CATSIN has developed a mentor program for indigenous nurses.

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Educational Institutions

AHW Courses

Batchelor Institute of Indigenous Tertiary Education

Batchelor provides residential training and tertiary education for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people It is based in Batchelor and has a campus in Alice Springs with annexes in Nhulunbuy, Tennant Creek, Darwin and Katherine. Batchelor delivers a Certificate (level 3) in Health Sciences, a qualification that allows AHWs to be registered.

Central Australian Aboriginal Congress

Congress is a registered provider of vocational education and training. The Congress Education and Training Branch delivers a Certificate (level 3) in Aboriginal Health Work (Clinical). This qualification allows AHWs to be registered.

Danila Dilba

Danila Dilba is a registered provider of vocational education and training. Their Education and Training Centre delivers a Certificate (level 3) in Health Science (Aboriginal Community Health). This qualification allows AHWs to be registered.

Nganampa Health Council

Nganampa Health Council is a registered provider of vocational education and training under the South Australian TAFE framework. Their Training Centre delivers a Certificate (level 2 and 3) in Aboriginal Primary Health Care for AHWs.

Research and Postgraduate PHC and Public Health Courses

Cooperative Research Centre for Aboriginal Health (CRCAH)

The CRCAH was established in 1987 to bring about improvements into Aboriginal health through research. It is also a joint venture with Central Australian Aboriginal Congress, Danila Dilba, Flinders University of SA, Menzies School of Health Research, NT University and NTDHCS. It seeks to support research that fit into their strategic approach.

Menzies School of Health Research (MSHR)

The Menzies School of Health Research (MSHR) carries out biomedical, clinical, population and health services research in the NT. It also provides postgraduate education in public health.

Centre for Remote Health (CRH)

The CRH provides post-graduate education to health professionals with a focus on the needs of practitioners in rural and remote areas, and in Aboriginal health. They also have a research program.

Charles Darwin University (CDU)

The CDU was formed through a merger between the Northern Territory University, Alice Springs-based Centralian College and the Menzies School of Health Research. It has campus's in Darwin, Alice, Tennant Creek, Palmerston, Yulara, Jabiru, Katherine and Nhulunbuy.

Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies (AIATSIS)

AIATSIS is an independent Commonwealth Government statutory authority devoted to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander studies. It is Australia's premier institution for information about the cultures and lifestyles of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples.

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Health Service Evaluation and Accreditation

Refer to Research institutions Research institutions may assist health services in developing evaluations of health services.

Accreditation Agencies

Quality Improvement Council (QIC)

Royal Australian College of General Practitioners(RACGP-GP)

The Aged Care Standards and Accreditation Agency Ltd (ACSAA) for residential services

Home and Community Care (HACC) – Commonwealth program standards for non residential aged and disability services.

National Childcare Accreditation Council (NCAC)

NCAC was appointed by the Australian Government to administer the following Child Care Quality Assurance (CCQA) systems:

• Family Day Care Quality Assurance (FDCQA) for family day care schemes
• Outside School Hours Care Quality Assurance (OSHCQA) for outside school hours care services
• Quality Improvement and Accreditation System (QIAS) for long day care centres

Licensed Providers

Institute for healthy Communities (IHCA)

Institute for Healthy Communities Australia (IHCA) are licensed to provide an external review and/or accreditation process using the QIC standards and the Home and Community Care (HACC) Review Program.

Australian General Practice Accreditation Limited (AGPAL)

AGPAL is run by the general practice profession and provides accreditation services to General Practices in Australia using the RACGP standards.

GPA ACCREDITATION plus

(GPA Accreditationplus) is run by the general practice profession and provides accreditation services to General Practices in Australia using the RACGP standards.

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Crisis Counselling

Aboriginal Social and Emotional Wellbeing Programs

These services offer professional counselling services, and can offer advice on the management of difficult situations. They may also be able to offer counselling services in specific situations.

Bush Crisis Line (BCL)

CRANA has established the Bush Crisis Line which is a 24hr counselling and debriefing service which aims to help people with cumulative stress and /or critical incident stress.

Employee Assistant Service (EAS)

EAS is a Territory wide confidential professional counselling service. The service assists in the resolution of work related and personal problems and is available during and after work. A remote service is available on request. Service can provide an annual fee to EAS that will enable all health service employees to access counselling services free of charge.

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Employment

Department of Employment and Workplace Relations (DEWR)

DEWR can provide support for recruitment, including pre employment assistance and mentoring and negotiation on employment issues.

Northern Territory Workplace Advocate

The Northern Territory Workplace Advocate was established by the Northern Territory Government and commenced operating on 2 May 2006. It is an information, consultation and advisory service designed to assist Territory workers, employers and their representatives in relation to work-related matters, and to promote fair and productive workplace practices in the Territory. The Advocate can assist Territory employers and workers in understanding new legislation (Work Choices) and its effect and assist workers in checking proposed workplace agreements against existing award conditions to make sure that they are fair. It has a useful workplace agreement checklist.

Commonwealth Employment Advocate (OEA)

The role of the Commonwealth Office of the Employment Advocate (OEA) is to accept lodgement of Australian workplace agreements (AWAs). There is no longer a formal approval process, and Agreements are effective immediately upon lodgement to the OEA. The OEA provides free support and information to both employers and employees on agreement making and can provide assistance and advice to employers and employees under the Work Choices legislation.

Office of the Commissioner for Public Employment

This office of the Commissioner of Public Employment administers employment in the public sector and is mainly relevant to employees of NTDHCS.

NT Chamber of Commerce and Industry

The NT Chamber of Commerce and Industry is an organisation of private businesses, and can provide a range of business advice to its members.

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Recruitment

General Practice and Primary Health Care NT

The General Practice and Primary Health Care NT (GPPHCNT) recruits and provides support to doctors working in the NT outside of Darwin. The Agency can provide relocation, training and some retention assistance through its grants program, as well as delivering a range of personal support to doctors and their families.

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Trade Unions

Most workers in health services have their industrial relations issues, awards and employment issues dealt with by one of the Unions below. Other NT unions exist.

Australian Liquor Hospitality and Miscellaneous Workers Union (LH&MU)

The LH&MU cover most staff in PHC services except nurses and some doctors.

Australian Nurse's Federation

The ANF covers nurses in both PHC services and hospitals.

Other NT Unions.

Union Websites

• Workers Online - all the latest news from the union movement around Australia.
• ACTU - the peak national union body
  

Industrial relations websites

• Federal Industrial Relations Commission - the body ruling on industrial relations in the Territory
• Northern Terrritory Office of the Public Commisioner
• Australian Workplace - a Federal government website on industrial relations. .

Other

If unsure what award or industrial agreement employees are covered by, check Wagenet for federal awards and agreements and links to information on state awards and state industrial agreements), or phone the workplace relations department.

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Occupational Health & Safety Issues

Northern Territory Work Health Authority (WHA)

For general enquiries on licensing and to obtain Work Health publications, information materials and licence applications, contact the Work Health Authority.

Work Health staff are available to provide advice and assistance on various issues.

Workplace Safety Australia

Workplace Safety is a national OH&S and industrial law information provider that produces many technical guides, and best practice documents relating to workplace health and safety. They have no legislative power.

National Occupational Health and Safety Commission (NOHSC)

NOHSC is made up of eighteen members including the Chairman, CEO and those representing the Australian, state and territory governments; employees—through the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU); and employers—through the Australian Chamber of Commerce and Industry (ACCI).

This forum lets these representatives consult on and participate in developing national policies and strategies about OHS matters.

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Permits

Visitors wanting to visit or reside on Aboriginal land must obtain a permit. The following lists where permits can be obtained for particular areas.

Top End

Central Australia

Western Australia

South Australia

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Client Complaints

NT Health and Community Services Complaints Commission

Ombudsman for the NT

The Ombudsman is independent of Government and provides a free service to the public. S/he investigates complaints about government departments and agencies.

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Patient Travel

Patient Travel Scheme (PATS)

PATS is available for patients who live more than 200kms from the nearest specialist or are referred to a specialist interstate when there is not the service in the NT. The scheme provides assistance with accommodation and travel but does not cover all costs. It is not available for patients to get to a community clinic from an outstation/homeland to see a specialist. Escorts may be approved under this scheme. A patient 15 years of age or under is automatically entitled to an escort. Escorts for patients aged 16 years and over are assessed on a case by case basis by the delegated medical practitioner. To obtain approval for an escort it must be demonstrated that the escort will significantly and directly participate in the patient's medical wellbeing. For more information phone the travel clerks in your district.

Travel clerks:

1. arrange bookings, accommodation and ground transport (PATS does not cover taxi fares) as necessary in relation to both rural and town travel
2. liaise with medical/nursing staff and ward clerks in hospital & communities in relation to the repatriation of patients
3. liaise with specialist clinics to coordinate visits and transport
4. liaise with community health centre staff to ensure the patient's travel arrangements have been organised.

If a number of people (3-4) need transport it may be cheaper for the PATS to charter a plane.

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Clinical Manuals, References and Further Reading

There are a number of sources of information about clinical issues and Aboriginal health and issues available to staff. The four regional hospitals have medical libraries open 8.30am to 5pm, Monday to Friday. Health service staff may borrow books from the library as long as they have registered as borrowers. To do this, it is necessary to have some documentation of working for the Health Service. As well, other organisations maintain libraries including some of the regional community controlled health services, IAD, ARDS, and Menzies School of Health Research.

Clinical and related

1. CARPA Standard Treatment Manual includes guidelines about how to manage common conditions encountered in Central and the Top End of Australia. A copy of the CARPA manual should be provided to each health service clinical staff.
2. Tropical Health Manual (Download PDF version) or order from Top End Division of General Practice
3. Congress Alukura, Nganampa Health Council 'Minymaku Kutju Tjukurpa: Women's Business Manual.' Alukura/ Nganampa, Alice Springs, 1994.
4. Schedule of Pharmaceutical Benefits
5. The Australian Immunisation Handbook
6. Medicare Benefits Schedule Book
7. Therapeutuc Guidelines
8. Australian Medicines Handbook
9. RACP Pathology Manual
10. Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne Paediatric Handbook
11. Merck Manual
12. Geriatric Merck Manual

As well clinics should keep a range of clinical texts including:

• medical texts
• communicable disease guidelines
• pathology and imaging guidelines
• procedure guides

Further Reading

• AMSANT Information Package for Members AMSANT, Alice Springs, 1999.
• AMSANT Making a Difference AMSANT, Darwin, 1999.
• AMSANT one voice staying strong the first ten years AMSANT, Darwin 2004
• Health Forum Strategies:
  • NT Renal Strategic Plan 2003-2007. View.
  • NT Ear Health and Hearing Strategic Plan 2003-2006. View.
  • NT Emotional and Social Well Being Strategic Plan 2003 - 2006. View Strategic Plan. View Monograph.
  • Emotional and Social Wellbeing Working Party Strategic Plan
  • NT Sexual Health Strategic Plan .
  • NT Workforce Implementation Plan View.
• CHASP & Nganampa Health Council Manual of Standards for Rural and Remote Aboriginal Health Services. Nganampa Health Council, 1993.
• CHASP (Community Health Accreditation & Standards Program) 'Manual of Standards for Community and Other Primary Health Care Services.' Australian Community Health Association, Sydney, 1993.
• CHASP Manual of Standards for Remote/ Rural Community and Other Primary Health Care Services.' Australian Community Health Association, Sydney, 1994.
• Crawford, F Jalinardi Ways - WhiteFellas Working In Aboriginal Communities, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, 1989.
• Devitt, J Apmer Anwekantherrenh - Our Country - An Introduction to the Anmatyerr and Alyawarr People of the Sandover River Region, Central Australia Urapuntja Health Service Council, IAD, Alice Springs, 1994.
• From Strategic Planning to Strategic Thinking Southern Community Health Research Unit, Adelaide, 1993.
• Josif, P Straight Talking - A Guide to Negotiating & Consulting With Remote Area Local Government Councils Local Government Association, Darwin, 1994.
• Just Change: The Cost Conscious Manager's Toolkit South Australian Health Commission, Adelaide, 1993.
• Planning Healthy Communities - A Guide to doing Community Needs Assessment Southern Community Health Research Unit, Adelaide, 1990.
• Weeramanthri, T Practice Guidelines for Health Professionals: Dealing with a Death of an Aboriginal Person Menzies School of Health Research Occasional Papers, Darwin, 1996.
• WHO Leadership for Primary Health Care WHO, Geneva, 1988.
• WHO Managerial Process for National Health Development WHO, Geneva, 1981.
• WHO Principles of Development of Model Health Care Programs WHO, Geneva, 1996.
• WHO Quality Assessment and Assurance in Primary Health Care WHO, Geneva, 1988.
• WHO The Principles of Quality Assurance WHO, Geneva, 1983.

 

Below are papers and texts covering a range of issues impacting on Aboriginal health. Each health service is likely to have a small library including information about the local area and its people, the history of the health service, and local cultural matters.

Funding and Policy matters

• AIATSIS Guidelines for Ethical Research in Indigenous Studies, Canberra, May 2000
• AMSANT Possible funding arrangements for the development of Aboriginal primary health care services. AMSANT Position Paper, Revised February, 1999.
• Anderson, I Powers of Health. Arena Magazine, June-July '94.
• Bartlett B & Legge D Beyond the Maze: Proposals for more effective administration of Aboriginal health programs. NCEPH Working Paper No 34. Central Australian Aboriginal Congress, Alice Springs & NCEPH, Canberra, 1994.
• Bartlett B, Duncan, P, Alexander, D, & Hardwick, J Central Australian Health Planning Study: Final Report. OATSIHS, July 1997.
• Bartlett, B & Duncan, P Top End Aboriginal Health Planning Study PlanHealth, Wollongong, 2000.
• Bartlett, B Aboriginal Health. New Doctor, No 68, Summer 1998, pp23-26.
• Brady, Maggie The Grog Book: Strengthening Indigenous Community Action on Alcohol Revised Edition, Department of Health and Ageing, Canberra , 2005.
• Deeble J, Mathers C, Smith L et al. Expenditures on Health Services for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People, Commonwealth of Australia, May 1998.
• Evaluation Committee The National Aboriginal Health Strategy: An Evaluation. December, 1994.
• Final Report of the Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody. AGPS, Canberra, 1991, 11 volumes.
• Langton, M, et al Too Much Sorry Business. in Final Report of the Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody. AGPS, Canberra, 1991.
• Moodie, PM 'Aboriginal Health.' ANU, Canberra, 1973.
• NAHS Working Party A National Aboriginal Health Strategy. Canberra, 1989.
• Nathan, P & Japanangka, DL Health Business. Heinemann Educational Press, Melbourne, 1983.
• Nathan, P & Japanangka, DL Settle Down Country: Pmere Arlaltyewele. Kibble, Melbourne & Central Australian Aboriginal Congress, Alice Springs, 1983.
• NHMRC Community Guide to the Ethics of Health Research Commonwealth of Australia (in press) 2005.
• Primary Health Care: Report of the International Conference on Primary Health Care Alma-Ata, USSR, 6-12 September, 1978.' World Health Organisation, Geneva, 1978.
• Reid, J & Trompf, P The Health of Aboriginal Australia. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Group, Sydney, 1991.
• Saggers, S and Gray, D Aboriginal Health and Society: The Traditional and Contemporary Aboriginal Struggle for Better Health. Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 1991.
• Scimgeour, D Community Control of Aboriginal Health Services in the Northern Territory. Menzies Occasional Papers, Darwin, Issue no 2/97, 1997.
• Scrimgeour, D Community Involvement in Health Services for Indigenous Peoples of Canada, Norway and New Zealand. Menzies School of Health Research, Alice Springs, 1994.
• Wilson, R Bringing Them Home: Report of the National Inquiry into the Separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children from their Families. Sterling, Sydney, 1997.

Health Services

• Carter, B et al Borning: Pmere Laltyeke Anwerne Ampe Mpwaretyeke: Congress Alukura by the Grandmother's Law. Australian Aboriginal Studies, No 1, 1987, pp2-33.
• CRANA Avoiding Burn-Out In Remote Areas - Surviving the Day to Day Hassles - A Guide for Remote Health Practitioners
• CRANA Surviving Traumatic Stress  - A Guide for Multi Disciplinary Remote and Rural Health Practitioners and their Families
• Crawshaw, J & Thomas, D It's not enough to know about diseases: Report of the review of Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander health care in the Darwin area. Danila Dilba, Darwin, 1992.
• Cutter, T Report on Community Health Model: Health by The People. Central Australian Aboriginal Congress, Alice Springs, 1976.
• Devitt, J & McMasters, A Living on Medicine: Social and Cultural Dimensions of End Stage Renal Disease among Aboriginal People of Central Australia. IAD, Alice Springs, 1998 (In Print).
• Dunlop, S All that Rama Rama Mob: Aboriginal Disturbed Behaviour in Central Australia Central Australian Aboriginal Congress, Alice Springs, Vols 1&2, 1988.
• Foley, G Aboriginal community controlled health services: A short history. Aboriginal Health Information Bulletin, No 2, 1982.
• Garrow, A & McConnel, F Good, that's my country back. Wurli Wurlinjang, Katherine, July 1999.
• Gault, A Urapuntja Health Service Health Survey. IAD, Alice Springs, 1990.
• Lyon P, Hill J, Wynter J Final Report and Action Plan.Central Australian Aboriginal Alcohol Planning Unit, Alice Springs, 1992.
• Maher C, Tilton E Health Promotion or Self-Promotion? A Central Australian Aboriginal Alcohol Media Strategy. Central Australian Aboriginal Congress, Alice Springs, 1994.
• Werner D Globalisation and Primary Health Care Keynote Address, PHA Conference, Darwin, 1999.
• Werner, D & Sanders, D Questioning the Solution: The Politics of Primary Health Care and Child Survival, with an in-depth critique of Oral Rehydration Therapy. HealthWrights, Palo Alto CA, 1997.

Aboriginal Health Workers

• AMSANT and WACCHO Darwin Declaration on Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Workers and primary health care practice, 2003.
• Josif, P & Elderton, C Working Together? A Review of Aboriginal Health Workers: Recruitment & Retention in the Northern Territory's Top End. NT Department of Health & Community Services, Darwin, 1992.
• Legge, D Shaping a Healthier Future: A Report on the first year of the Central Australian Primary Health Care Network and the Central Australian and Barkly AHWs Association. La Trobe, Melbourne, 1996.
• Tregenza J, Abbott K Rhetoric and reality: Perceptions of the roles of Aboriginal Health Workers in Central Australia. Central Australian Aboriginal Congress, Alice Springs, 1995.

Public Health

• Ife, J Community Development: Creating Community Alternatives - Vision, Analyses and Practise. Longman, Melbourne, 1995 cited in Petersen, A & Lupton, D The New Public Health: Health & Self in the Age of Risk.'Allen & Unwin, Sydney, 1996.
• Nganampa Health Council Report of the Uwankara Palyanyku Kanyintjaku: An Environmental and Public Health Review within the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Lands.' 1987.
• Pholeros, P et al Housing for Health: towards a Healthy Living Environment for Aboriginal Australia. Health Habitat, Sydney, 1993.
• People's Charter for Health, People's Health Movement.
• Plant, A, Condon, J and Durling G Northern Territory Health Outcomes: Morbidity & Mortality 1979 - 1991. NT Department of Health & Community Services, 1995.

Historical Perspectives

• Bartlett, B Origins of Persisting Poor Aboriginal Health: An Historical Exploration of Poor Aboriginal Health and The Continuities of The Colonial Relationship as an Explanation of the Persistence of Poor Aboriginal Health. MPH Thesis, University of Sydney, 1998.
• Cole, K Groote Eylandt Stories CMS Historical Publications, Melbourne 1972.
• Dewar, M The Black War in Arnhem Land Australian National University North Australia Research Unit, Darwin 1992.
• Hunter, E Aboriginal Health and History: Power & Prejudice in Remote Australia. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1993.
• Kettle, E Health Services in the NT - A History 1824-1970. Vols 1 and 2, NARU, ANU, Darwin, 1991.
• Kunitz, SJ Disease and Social Diversity. Oxford University Press, New York, 1994.
• Morphy, H Ancestral Connections - Art and an Aboriginal System of Knowledge University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, 1991.
• Parry, S Disease, Medicine and Settlement: The Role of Health and Medical Services of the Northern Territory 1911-1939. PhD Thesis, University of Queensland, 1992.
• Trudgen, R Why Warriors Lie Down and Die Aboriginal Resource and Development Services Inc. Darwin, 2000.

Determinants of Health

• Boughton, B What is the Connection between Aboriginal Education and Aboriginal Health? A Discussion Paper of the CRCATH Indigenous Health and Education Research Programs, Systematic Review Project (IE0031), November, '99.
• Caldwell, JC & P The Cultural, Social and Behavioural Components of Health Improvement: The Evidence from Health Transition Studies. In Robinson, G (Ed) Aboriginal Health: Social & Cultural Transitions Proceedings of a conference at the NT University, Darwin, 29-31 September, 1995.
• Collins, B Learning Lessons: An independent review of Indigenous education in the Northern Territory NT Dept. Education, 1999.
• Doyal, Lesley The Political Economy of Health. Pluto Press, London, 1979.
• Evans RG, Barere ML, Marmor TR Why are Some People Healthy and Others Not? The Determinants of Health of Populations. Aldine de Gruyter, NY, 1994.
• Marmot M & Wilkinson RG Social Determinants of Health. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1999.

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